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MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) based on SQL (Structured Query Language). First released in January, 1998, MySQL is now one component of parent company MySQL AB’s product line of database servers and development tools.

Many Internet startups became interested in the original open source version of MySQL as an alternative to the proprietary database systems from Oracle, IBM, and Informix. MySQL is currently available under two different licensing agreements: free of charge, under the GNU General Public License (GPL) open source system or through subscription to MySQL Network for business applications.

MySQL runs on virtually all platforms, including Linux, Unix, and Windows. It is fully multi-threaded using kernel threads, and provides application program interfaces (APIs) for many programming languages, including C, C++, Eiffel, Java, Perl, PHP, Python, and Tcl.

MySQL is used in a wide range of applications, including data warehousing, e-commerce, Web databases, logging applications and distributed applications. It is also increasingly embedded in third-party software and other technologies. According to MySQL AB, their flagship product has over six million active MySQL installations worldwide. Customers include Cisco, Dun & Bradstreet, Google, NASA, Lufthansa, Hyperion, and Suzuki.

Staggernation.com offers three tools based on the Google API. The Google API Web Search by Host (GAWSH) lists the Web hosts of the results for a given query (www.staggernation.com/gawsh/). When you click on the triangle next to each host, you get a list of results for that host. The Google API Relation Browsing Outliner (GARBO) is a little more complicated: You enter a URL and choose whether you want pages that related to the URL or linked to the URL (www.staggernation.com/garbo/). Click on the triangle next to an URL to get a list of pages linked or related to that particular URL. CapeMail is an e-mail search application that allows you to send an e-mail to google@capeclear.com with the text of your query in the subject line and get the first ten results for that query back. Maybe it’s not something you’d do every day, but if your cell phone does e-mail and doesn’t do Web browsing, this is a very handy address to know.

Against all odds, I found myself with a little spare time this week. Rather than do something sensible like clean the garage or get some exercise, I took the opportunity to learn a new programming language: Python.

Like may SitePoint readers, I cut my teeth on PHP. I’ve become very comfortable with it over the years, warts and all. PHP continues to be a dependable choice, but PHP hasn’t changed a whole lot lately. Meanwhile, the kinds of applications I’ve been working on have been growing dramatically in both size and complexity.

Python has a lot in common with PHP: it’s a dynamically typed, open source scripting language with excellent documentation and a thriving community around it. Both languages are also a little quirky when it comes to their handling of Unicode text.

Unlike PHP, Python wasn’t originally designed as a language for Web development—it’s a general programming language that just happens to have some excellent libraries and frameworks for building web sites, like Django. This may sound like an argument against Python, but it turns out that when you start writing bigger web applications, most of your code has nothing to do with HTML, and PHP’s HTML-friendly features just seem to …

When it comes to web programming languages, PHP probably holds the record for copping criticism from the community at large. Comparisons with alternatives such as Ruby on Rails and Python/Django are common; defenders of PHP are quick to criticise the comparison of a language and a framework. But at the end of the day, developers work with Ruby on Rails, and with Python/Django, and with PHP. Just PHP. For most of the PHP applications out there, the language is just perfect, because PHP, to an extent, is the framework.

PHP is designed for the web. You could plug vanilla Ruby or Python into a web server and get up and running pretty quickly. But, at least at a basic level, you’d want a framework to deal with common issues of web development. In PHP, you just get started. PHP and Apache work out request data, output handling and more, right out of the box. (PHP also masters deployment.) David Heinemeier Hanson, the creator of the Ruby on Rails framework, calls this the immediacy of PHP.

Now, consider the “average” PHP frameworks. They help you handle request data, manage your output, control app flow - essentially, extending …

Windows makes it difficult to distinguish between data files and applications, and the same actions that open files (such as double-clicking) are also used for launching applications. A music file and a malicious application can look identical on common Windows setups. If you download files, whether through the Web, e-mail, or a peer-to-peer application, you should learn how to distinguish file types.

One way to determine the types of files is to use the “Details” view, which includes a column showing an English description of the file type — “Application”, “Text document”, and so on. To use this view, select “Details” from the “View” menu in Windows Explorer.

Another way to determine the type of a file is to look at the file’s extension. This method requires memorizing dozens of three-letter sequences, and has some other drawbacks, so I don’t recommend it. See this page about file extensions if you’re interested in using this method, or if you want to know why I don’t recommend it.

If you download 20 video clips from 10 porn sites, you’re unfortunately expected to check the type of each one before double-clicking on it. Hopefully, future versions of Firefox will do this for you (bug 249951).

Note that you cannot rely on a file’s icon to determine whether it is a program or a data file, because a program can have any icon in Windows. An attacker might choose a common “video file” icon as the icon for the program disguised as a data file.

When in doubt, drag the file to the correct application — for example, run Winamp, then drag the supposed audio file to Winamp. Alternatively, right-click the file and select a specific action, such as “Edit in Wordpad” or “Play in Winamp”. Beware of the verb “Open”, which can refer both to opening a document and launching an application.

By the way, any software you use to handle data from the web should be kept up-to-date. For example, if you download MP3s and play them in Winamp, be sure to keep Winamp up-to-date.

WordPress, as with many blogging and web applications, depends on MySQL to store data for producing output. Every request that WordPress makes to MySQL for reading or writing data puts load on the server.

WordPress is continuously optimized to reduce the transactions required to perform its functions; However, in high-traffic situations, many simultaneous connections to the database can cause excessive load on the server. In this case, connections to the server may not complete, causing the typical “Connection timed out” response in the visitor’s browser.

In most cases, MySQL connection rates can be improved by either adjusting settings for MySQL, or providing more memory and processing power to the overworked server.